How Best To Preserve The Story Of The Killdeer Mountain Conflict

FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 2013

How Best To Preserve The Story Of The Killdeer Mountain Conflict

An image of a soldier engaged in hand-to-hand combat with a warrior. The image is engraved upon the elevator doors on the ground floor and main floor. 

Bismarck, N.D. – The polished hall outside the Missouri Room of the Bismarck State Capital building gradually filled with archaeologists, historians, tribal representatives and land owners from around Killdeer Mountain, all from different disciplines and walks of life, all concerned citizens of a proud state.

The study area of the Killdeer Mountain Conflict within the purple boundary.

The citizenry gathered in little groups here and there to introduce themselves and exchange greetings. It seemed like a fellowship of near universal concerns that brought everyone together, and life is like that. Sometimes it takes one thing to bring people together who might not have met in another situation.

An alarming amount of existing wells and proposed wells within the Killdeer Mountain Conflict area.

The hearing was scheduled at 2:00 PM CST and the fellowship exchanged the hall of polished stone and brass for the quiet cell of the Missouri River Room. A coterie of archaeologists clustered together in one corner, the tribal representatives quietly moved themselves to a corner close to the front, and historians scattered amongst the throng. Chit chat grew to a loud buzz, and though the Government and Veteran Affairs Committee was delayed an hour the motley collection of citizens didn't seem to grow impatient.

This is North Dakota, and sometimes things happen when they’re scheduled to, and other times things happen when they should. Farmers might call it natural time, Indians would agree.

Senator Triplett explains that next year marks the 150th anniversary of the Killdeer Mountain Conflict. "Its an opportunity for the state to reflect on the tragedy that shaped our statehood and include the story that has been under represented these long years," said Triplett, or something like that - my pen could not move fast enough.

The good people who made up the committee apologized for their unexpected delay and things quickly got started when Chairman Dever (Dist. 32, Bismarck) brought the gavel down with great ceremony and authority.  The hearing was to hear Senate Bill 2341, a proposal by senators on either end of the political spectrum, introduced by Sen. Wardner (Dist. 37, Dickinson) but the voice of the bill was provided by Senator Triplett (Dist. 18, Grand Forks).

Senate Bill 2341 proposed to appropriate $250,000 to do an archaeological and historical survey of the Killdeer Mountain conflict study area. A packed room of about forty-five people, including the good senators, heard testimony from several individuals representing various entities, and a few who spoke as private citizens.

Paaverud maintained an impeccable composure of respect for the committee as he endorsed the Heritage Center's support of the bill.

Mr. Merlan Paaverud and Ms. Fern Swenson represented the interests of the State Historical Society of North Dakota and voiced the SHSND’s endorsement of this bill. Ms. Swenson offered that the Killdeer Mountain study area consists of 17,433 acres or about 23 square miles, a core area of about 5,421 acres and only about 569 acres has been surveyed. Swenson also shared that the site has had a continual cultural occupation for the past 3,000 years.

Dr. Isern addresses the committee. He said his piece in about five minutes or less and gave some handouts with points explaining the nature of heritage preservation. 

Dr. Tom Isern, Director of the Institute for RegionalStudies, rendered a concise and wonderful explanation of the intrinsic value of Killdeer Mountain as a heritage site and acknowledged the attraction of the site to hikers and lovers of history and nature who would be drawn to this site, as many like-minded visitors have in the past. Dr. Isern expressed his institute’s support of the bill.

An immaculately groomed Aaron Barth (looking at the camera) visited with Mr. Jepson of Killdeer.

A few concerned citizens took to offering their support of this bill. Mr. Aaron Barth, founding writer of The Edge Of The Village, shared the need to survey and catalogue the Killdeer Mountain as a start to preserve the story of the site, if the natural integrity of the site is to be developed. “There’s a story to tell, and we must do all we can to share it,” as he compared the need to tell the stories of all combatants, like the American Civil War.

Without waver or hesitation, Young shared a resolution regarding sacred places from the National Congress of American Indians.

Ms. Waště'Wiŋ Young, Standing Rock Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, took the stand and pointedly stated that “the Indian voice has yet to be heard.” Young boldly shared with the committee a resolution adopted by the National Congress of American Indians in October of 2012 regarding the protection and preservation of sacred places. She read the whole thing, expressed her office’s support of Senate Bill 2341, and quietly departed.

Bravebull-Allard representing Standing Rock Tourism supports this bill.

Ms. LaDonna Bravebull-Allard, Director of Standing RockTourism, shared her lineage going back to survivors who were at Killdeer Mountain when General Sully forced his command on the Yanktonai Dakota, Hunkpapa Lakota and Santee Dakota. Bravebull-Allard spoke about how Killdeer Mountainwas a sacred site, not just to the Dakota and Lakota people, but the Mandan, Hidatsa, Chippewa and Assiniboine. With practiced confidence of a story-teller she shared that the site was where Sun Dreamer ascended Killdeer Mountain in 1625. Bravebull-Allard’s office supports this bill.

St. John spoke with dignified authority, less than two minutes, and left many of the committee nodding their heads in approval of her gracious support.

Ms. Tamara St. John, Sisseton-Wahpeton Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, eloquently and briefly echoed Young’s and Bravebull-Allard’s sentiments of protecting a special site like KilldeerMountain and her office’s support of the bill.

Sand called for the state to move carefully and deliberately to preserve North Dakota's heritage sites.

Mr. Rob Sand, a representative of the Killdeer MountainAlliance, a tall gentleman with the gait of a lifelong rancher took to the podium briefly and passionately encouraged oil development to wait. Sand offered the support of the Killdeer Mountain Alliance in favor of the bill.

Rothaus, self-described hard-boiled skeptic, put the bill on a scale but explained the overwhelming need to preserve as much of the story of Killdeer as possible and endorsed the bill.

Dr. Richard Rothaus, founder and director of TrefoilCultural and Natural, drove like a mad man from his office in Sauk Rapids, MN to render cold and succinct explanation of the Killdeer Mountain conflict’s standing in US military history as one of the largest, if not the single largest, Indian-White conflict in the west and why North Dakota needs to preserve as much of the conflict site and stories as possible. A former university professor, Rothaus came across brutally blunt but also exceptionally honest. He also endorsed his support of the bill.

Dvirnak proudly wore a Fighting Sioux windbreaker to the hearing. He forgot to bring one for me.

Lastly, Mr. Bryan Dvirnak, a lifelong rancher on family-owned and managed land at KilldeerMountain, shared his family’s generations-long commitment to the preserving the cultural and historic integrity of the conflict site. “No one has done more to preserve and protect the site. We’re all for preserving the property,” said Dvirnak in a moving testimony to the committee. Dvirnak expressed that his brother could best articulate how their family has forged relationships with various Indian communities in state and  into Canada. The Dvirnaks have graciously allowed traditional ceremonies and prayers to be conducted on their land throughout the years.

Dvirnak, regardless of his family’s openness to the American Indian presence on his family’s land, managed to convey his open skepticism of the bill. “What will the [archaeological] study do?” he wondered aloud. Dvirnak conveyed his disillusionment with the bill, the sharpest point of his argument manifested itself in his question about what the bill would mandate him to do on his own land.

The bill doesn’t mandate anyone to do anything on their own private land. In fact, the bill mandates that the archaeologists who conduct the investigation must acquire the permissions of all landowners in the study and core areas of the Killdeer Mountain conflict. Senator Dever, the chairman of the Government and Veterans Committee, understood Mr. Dvirnak’s position and told Sen. Triplett to include language in Senate Bill 2341 that expressly and clearly articulates a mandate for archaeologists to acquire permission of landowners to survey on their land.

Mr. Dvirnak and his family have the best intentions, a family mission taken to heart, passed down from father to sons, to preserve the heritage of Killdeer Mountain. They opened their lands in the past to the Indian communities. They also donated a tidycollection of artifacts from the KilldeerMountain conflict to Dickinson State University.

They did this because there’s a story that needs to be preserved and shared, and that’s something that everyone who testified can agree. 

Published February 07, 2013, 11:27 PM

$250,000 requested to study Killdeer Mountain

BISMARCK – A proposal in the state Senate seeks to provide $250,000 to do an archaeological study within the Battle of Killdeer Mountain study area, in part due to the encroachment of oil development.

By: Forum News Service, INFORUM

BISMARCK – A proposal in the state Senate seeks to provide $250,000 to do an archaeological study within the Battle of Killdeer Mountain study area, in part due to the encroachment of oil development.

Senate Majority Leader Rich Wardner, R-Dickinson, testified Thursday to the Senate Government & Veterans Affairs Committee in support of Senate Bill 2341, which would study an area of historical and cultural significance for the state that is also becoming affected by oil activity, he said.
Wardner said he believes oil can coexist with preserving cultural resources using horizontal drilling techniques.

The State Historical Society has surveyed only about 3 percent of the battlefield area, Director Merlan Paaverud told legislators.

Completing a study would allow the Historical Society to work with energy companies so they can avoid disturbing cultural resources, Paaverud said.

Fern Swenson, deputy state historic preservation officer, said there are 39 existing or proposed oil wells to date within the study area.

The North Dakota Industrial Commission recently approved a plan from Hess Corp. to drill up to eight oil wells in an area of the Killdeer Mountains that drew concerns from archaeologists, landowners, Native Americans and others.

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http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/event/article/id/63079/publisher_ID/6/
http://oilpatchdispatch.areavoices.com/2013/02/07/money-requested-from-legislature-to-study-killdeer-mountain/
http://www.grandforksherald.com/event/article/id/256084/group/homepage/
http://www.inforum.com/event/article/id/389220/

Landowner voices reservations about proposed study

February 07, 2013 6:15 pm  •  By BRIAN GEHRING | Bismarck Tribune

A bill to appropriate $250,000 for archaeological and historical surveys in the Killdeer Mountains battlefield area before oil wells are developed drew widespread support Thursday, until the owner of the land testified.

The Senate Government and Veterans Affairs Committee took no action on SB2341 following nearly two hours of testimony.

Sen Rich Wardner, R-Dickinson, one of the prime sponsors of the bill, said the area, which was the site of a battle between the U.S. Army and numerous American Indian tribes in July 1864, should be studied before more oil exploration is allowed.

Last month, the North Dakota Industrial Commission approved the drilling of up to eight wells by Hess Corp. within about five miles of the site of the Battle of Killdeer Mountain.

“It has a special place in history,” Wardner said. “When you talk about history and culture, it’s a site than needs to be studied.”

Sen. Connie Triplett, D-Grand Forks, said in 2014, North Dakota will observe its 125th anniversary and it will also be the 150th anniversary of the battle.

Triplett said the state has an obligation to study and understand the history of the area now, citing what she called “imminent encroachment” by the oil industry.

But Bryan Dvirnak, whose family owns the approximately 4,000 acres the battlefield site sits on, told the committee neither his family or other landowners in the area were contacted about the bill and the survey.

Dvirnak, whose family has owned the land since 1928 and recently donated a large collection of artifacts to Dickinson State University, said he’s leery about the ramifications of such a survey.

“We’re skeptical,” he said.

Dvirnak said his family has always welcomed American Indians to the land for ceremonies.

“No one has done more to preserve (the battlefield) than my father,” he said.

But he said his fear, along with other landowners in the area, is about how the information from such a survey might be used.

He said his family has asked the State Historical Society for help in preserving the site, with no luck.

If the bill were approved, the State Historical Society of North Dakota would facilitate the study.

Fern Swenson, director of archaeology, history and preservation for the historical society, said the study area would comprise 17,433 acres with 5,421 acres in the core area.

The core area includes a location known as the Medicine Hole, which is considered a sacred site to American Indians.

Representatives from the the Standing Rock Sioux and the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate tribes spoke in support of the bill.

The Battle of Killdeer Mountain has been characterized as possibly the most important battle between U.S. forces and American Indians in terms of participants and land area involved.

Kimball Banks, a Bismarck archaeologist, said the history of the area has national significance because it set U.S. policy toward American Indians for the following 50 years.

Dvirnak said because there has been no contact with any sponsors of the bill or the Historical Society, there is a lot of apprehension.

Reach reporter Brian Gehring 250-8254 or brian.gehring@bismarcktribune.com.

Tags

North Dakota, Battle Of Killdeer Mountain, Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, United States, Bryan Dvirnak, Killdeer Mountain, Western United States, War_conflict, Veterans Affairs Committee,State Historical Society, Rich Wardner, Dickinson State University, Oil Wells, Killdeer Mountains,Senate Government, State Historical Society Of North Dakota, Oil Exploration, United States Army, North Dakota Industrial Commission, Native Americans In The United States, Connie Triplett, Oil Industry, Battlefield Site, Hess Corporation, Fern Swenson, Kimball Banks

http://bismarcktribune.com/bakken/landowner-voices-reservations-about-proposed-study/article_a70acf72-7184-11e2-9dc3-0019bb2963f4.html

Killdeer Mountains 150 Years Later: Rescuing the Fallen and Forgotten Veterans from the Past

By Aaron Barth

North Dakota State Capitol meeting room locations. Missouri River Room is #16, bottom-center of map.

Tomorrow, Thursday, February 7, 2013, at 1400 hours (CST), North Dakota Senator Connie Triplett (District 18, Grand Forks)will collaboratively sponsor SB 2341, a bill that seeks to carry out an archaeological and historic-archaeological study on the Killdeer Mountains in Dunn County, western North Dakota. I’ll be attending this hearing (it will take place before the Senate Government & Veteran’s Affairs Committee in the Missouri River Room), and Triplett has circulated an e-mail asking historians, landowners, archaeologists, Natives and others for testimonies to support this bill. The Killdeer Mountains figure into our nation’s history and the US-Dakota Wars that spanned from 1862 in the Minnesota River Valley, and carried on through 1864 at Killdeer Mountains in western North Dakota.

Taken from the cover of Robert W. Larson, “Gall: Lakota War Chief” (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007).

What we know right now about Killdeer from 1864 is limited (the State Historical Society of North Dakota has a nice and thoughtful write up of it here), and further archaeological and historical research is needed. It was an action between the Union Army and various Dakota nations, and some key players involved were Sitting Bull, Inkpaduta, Gall (among others), and General Alfred Sully and his Union soldiers. In many ways, just as this nation recognizes and respects fallen Union and Confederate combatants and non-combatants, this nation owes it to honor the Dakota soldiers and non-combatants killed in Dakota Territory during the Civil War. To extend this honor requires and necessitates a deliberate and culturally sensitive systematic archaeological and historical study like the one proposed in SB 2341. We understandably honor Americans that have fought and died in 21st century warfare, and we ought to also be honoring and rescuing those fallen and forgotten from the Killdeer Mountains from July 1864.

Note: according to Sioux County Veterans Service Officer Roster, today in 2013 Standing Rock has a veteran population of 357.
http://theedgeofthevillage.com/2013/02/06/killdeer-mountains-150-years-later/

Time To Survey The Killdeer Conflict Site

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 2013

Time To Survey The Killdeer Conflict Site

A map of General Sully's movements as he advanced and then fired on the Yanktonai Dakota and Hunkpapa Lakota at the Killdeer Mountain conflict site.

I received the following from Ms. Connie Triplett, ND State Senator, District 18, Grand Forks, ND. 

SB 2341 proposes to appropriate $250,000 to do an archaeological survey within the Killdeer Mountain battlefield study area. I am one of the co-sponsors of this bill. I am looking for people who may be willing and able to testify on the bill.

The bill will come up for hearing on Thursday, February 7, 2013 at 2:00 p.m. before the Senate Government & Veteran's Affairs Committee in the Missouri River Room.

"The 8th Minn Infantry Mounted in the Battle of Ta Ha Kouty" by Carl Ludwig Boeckmann

I have two reasons for supporting this bill. First, the State is intending to celebrate its 125th anniversary in 2014. That year is also the 150th anniversary of the incident on Killdeer Mountain (battle or massacre, depending on one's perspective). It seems to me that the State has an obligation to understand what happened there, as much as can be ascertained at this late date, and to make an effort to join with the affected tribes in commemorate the incident before it celebrates statehood yet again. I think it's important that people understand how the land we now call North Dakota came to be available for settlement and to acknowledge that it involved displacing others who had called the area home for a long time. I believe that knowledge and acknowledgment can bring understanding and healing.

About fifty North Dakota citizens, native and non-native, shown here showed up for the public hearing held by the ND Industrial Commission in January.

The second reason for supporting an archaeological study at this point in time is the imminent encroachment of oil development within the study area. There are already a number of wells on Killdeer Mountain and another has recently been sited on the edge of the study area defined by an earlier American Battlefield Protection study.

Whether the study proposed by this bill actually happens will depend in large part on the willingness of private landowners to allow archaeologists on their land, of course. I am hoping that at least some of them may be more willing to have this study completed now than they might have been in the past because of their own concerns about the encroachment of oil development. (Rob, please forward this email to other landowners on the mountain, especially those within the defined study area.)

From the south looking north to one part of Killdeer Mountain, compare to Carl Ludwig Boeckman's painting of Sully's advance above. Boeckman stayed remarkably true to the landscape.

In a recent ND Industrial Commission hearing, Gov. Dalrymple said it would be nice if there was some way that the members of the Industrial Commission could know in advance where the sensitive areas are. This bill would provide that information, at least for this one historically significant area (and it's good wildlife habitat, too!)

I understand that there may be hesitation on the part of tribal members to be supportive of this initiative for fear of disrupting tribal burial sites or other sacred sites. It is my hope that this work, if approved by the legislature, will be done in a manner that is sensitive to those concerns. Your presence at the hearing can help to define or limit the study as appropriate.

Medicine Hole is at the top of the eastern half of the Killdeer Mountain plateau. Women and children made a mad scramble up the plateau to escape artillery rounds.

I also know that Tom Isern has an application pending with the American Battlefield Protection Program to better define the exterior boundaries of the area. It is my hope that the work supported by this bill would be done in close concert with Tom's work, if his grant applicaton is approved.

I would respectfully request that everyone who receives this email forward it promptly to others who may be interested in attending the hearing. If you know for sure that you will be able to attend, please let me know. 

Thank you.

Connie Triplett

ND State Senator

District 18, Grand Forks

http://thefirstscout.blogspot.com/2013/02/time-to-survey-killdeer-conflict-site.html

Fallen & Forgotten Veterans Of The Killdeer Mountain Conflict

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 2013

Fallen & Forgotten Veterans Of The Killdeer Mountain Conflict

A painting of the Killdeer Mountain Conflict of 1864 by Carl Boeckman.

1863 Killdeer Mountain Conflict: 150 Years Later

Rescuing The Fallen & Forgotten Veterans From The Past

By Aaron Barth, The Edge Of The Village

Bismarck - Tomorrow, Thursday, February 7, 2013, at 1400 hours (CST), North Dakota Senator Connie Triplett (District 18, Grand Forks)will collaboratively sponsor SB 2341, a bill that seeks to carry out an archaeological and historic-archaeological study on the Killdeer Mountains in Dunn County, western North Dakota. I’ll be attending this hearing (it will take place before the Senate Government & Veteran’s Affairs Committee in the Missouri River Room), and Triplett has circulated an e-mail asking historians, landowners, archaeologists, Natives and others for testimonies to support this bill. The Killdeer Mountains figure into our nation’s history and the US-Dakota Wars that spanned from 1862 in the Minnesota River Valley, and carried on through 1864 at Killdeer Mountains in western North Dakota.

Sitting Bull, great Hunkpapa Lakota leader, was present at Killdeer Mountain when General Sully decided to attack. The Hunkpapa had nothing to do with the Minnesota Dakota Conflict of 1862. Sitting Bull was among the leaders who took the Lakota west into Elk River country (Little Missouri today) in an attempt to escape an unwarrented attack. He never forgave the Union for the needless death of innocent women and children.

What we know right now about Killdeer from 1864 is limited (the State Historical Society of North Dakota has a nice and thoughtful write up of it here), and further archaeological and historical research is needed. It was an action between the Union Army and various Dakota nations, and some key players involved were Sitting Bull, Inkpaduta, Gall (among others), and General Alfred Sully and his Union soldiers. In many ways, just as this nation recognizes and respects fallen Union and Confederate combatants and non-combatants, this nation owes it to honor the Dakota soldiers and non-combatants killed in Dakota Territory during the Civil War. To extend this honor requires and necessitates a deliberate and culturally sensitive systematic archaeological and historical study like the one proposed in SB 2341. We understandably honor Americans that have fought and died in 21st century warfare, and we ought to also be honoring and rescuing those fallen and forgotten from the Killdeer Mountains from July 1864.

Pizi, or Chief Gall, led the Dakota and Lakota in a running battle from General Sibley at the conflicts of Dead Buffalo Lake, Stoney Lake and the Conflict at Apple Creek in 1863. Gall was present at the Killdeer Mountain Conflict and assisted the Lakota in a run west to Elk River (Little Missouri River) to escape Sully's advances.

Note: according to Sioux County Veterans Service Officer Roster, today in 2013 Standing Rock has a veteran population of 357.

Note: It is estimated that perhaps 150 Dakota and Lakota lost their lives at the Killdeer Mountain Conflict. The Dakota and Lakota would say, "Wokiksuya lo," "Remember This."
http://thefirstscout.blogspot.com/2013/02/fallen-forgotten-veterans-1863.html

Killdeer Mountains threatened by process

February 05, 2013 2:00 am  •  By TOM ISERN Fargo

It is time for more light and less heat on the issue of petroleum development in northern Dunn County. The leasing by the state of certain school trust lands in the Killdeer Mountains locality for petroleum development has sounded alarms among historians, archaeologists and all friends of antiquities.

Those questioning the development make three points:

First, the Killdeer Mountains area is a site of religious and cultural importance to several native peoples of the region. Second, it was the site, in 1864, of one of the most significant military engagements in the history of Indian-white conflict on the northern plains. Third, the Killdeer Mountains environs are known to be rich in archeological material. Heedless development, thus, may imperil irreplaceable heritage resources.

Is this, then, heedless development? It is not, but neither is it well considered. Public scrutiny prompted by the proximity of development to such a noteworthy site as the Killdeer Mountains has exposed problems with the processes for conserving our heritage.

The state trust lands at issue are school lands, a legacy of federal frontier land policy, granted to the state for the support of public schools. The Department of Trust Lands, under direction of the Board of University and School Lands, manages them for revenue that the Legislature then appropriates for education. We are fortunate to have these lands. We have been wise to retain them.

The process with reference to heritage resources on the state lands works this way: Before the land board lists tracts for potential leasing, it calls for the Historic Preservation Office of the State Historical Society to provide records of historic and archeological resources known to be present. Land Commissioner Lance Gaebe takes these records into account as leases are bid and negotiated, and again, especially, when the Land Board negotiates with an oil company the surface damage agreement that will govern how development proceeds and collateral damage is compensated. The Land Board has considerable leverage at this point in the process.

Agreements with the Land Board in hand, the oil company still has to go through the well-permitting process with the state. The Department of Mineral Resources’ Oil and Gas Division has a hearing (done last October for the Killdeer Mountains land) and makes a recommendation to the state Industrial Commission. On Jan. 24, the commission adopted the recommendation by Mineral Resources Director Lynn Helms to proceed with permitting on the state trust lands in the Killdeer Mountains.

In addressing the issue of heritage resources on state trust lands, there is a need for reasonable good will by state officials and by the public. We, the public, need to want to solve these problems, not exploit them for some perceived advantage.

There are two obvious issues illustrated by how the Killdeer Mountains situation has unfolded.

First, Helms, in public statements and personal communications, does not take cognizance of state law (55-10-09 of the state Century Code), which requires all state agencies to cooperate with the state Historical Society in the preservation of historic and archeological sites. The law is imperative, and it is crystalline. It is qualified somewhat by a 1988 opinion of Attorney General Nick Spaeth, but that opinion by no means absolves any agency of its obligations under the law

Second, and in the long run more important, there is a hole in the process at the leasing stage. The information that the Land Board gets from the State Historical Society is incomplete to nonexistent. This is not the fault of either the Land Board or the Historical Society. Information exists only if some previous, likely federal, development has generated earlier cultural resource survey work. There is no provision in the process, as there should be, for physically going over the ground to determine what heritage resources are there. Consequently, leases and agreements can be concluded that directly threaten significant heritage resources. This happened, despite technical adherence to law by all parties involved, in the matter of the Killdeer Mountains.

With respect to a heritage site as profoundly significant as the Killdeer Mountains, we should move deliberately, reset if necessary, and address public concerns. As for the general process _ that wants reform, which requires legislative attention.

(Tom Isern is professor of history, university distinguished professor, and director of the Center for Heritage Renewal at North Dakota State University. Opinions here expressed are not necessarily those of NDSU.)

http://bismarcktribune.com/news/columnists/killdeer-mountains-threatened-by-process/article_1797841e-6ed9-11e2-ab42-0019bb2963f4.html